Nanotechnology-Based Vaccine Delivery Systems: Current Advances and Emerging Applications

Abstract

 The emergence of nanotechnology has fundamentally transformed the landscape of modern 
vaccinology, offering unprecedented control over antigen presentation, immune modulation, and 
targeted delivery. Conventional vaccine platforms, although historically effective, are frequently 
limited by poor stability, weak immunogenicity of subunit antigens, the requirement for repeated 
dosing, and dependence on cold-chain logistics. Nanotechnology-based vaccine delivery systems 
address these limitations by exploiting the unique physicochemical properties of nanoscale materials,