The Ring: An Interdisciplinary International Journal
Journal Name: The Ring : An Interdisciplinary International Journal ISSN: 0035-5429 2083-3520 Subject area: Multidisciplinary UGC CARE Journal Publisher: MBS Research Impact Factor: 7.112 Frequency: Monthly Editor in Chief: Prof. Dr hab. Przemysław Busse Kindly email your paper on :mbsresearchp@gmail.com
Robo-Advisors and the Indian Financial Landscape: Exploring Opportunities and Challenges in a Digital Economy
The emergence of robo-advisors in India has transformed the financial advisory sector, driven by rapid digitalization, expanding internet connectivity, technological advancements, and the increasing adoption of fintech innovations. This study employs a descriptive and qualitative research design based exclusively on secondary data collected from academic literature, industry publications, regulatory reports, government documents, and international databases. Through a comprehensive review of existing research, the paper examines the opportunities, challenges, and regulatory implications associated with the growth of robo-advisory services in India’s evolving digital economy.
Copyright (c) 2024 The Ring: An Interdisciplinary International Journal https://mbsresearch.com/
CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR ON DIGITAL PAYMENT: AN ASSESSMENT STUDY OF HIMALAYAN REGION IN KUMAUN HILLS OF UTTARAKHAND
The world is rolling towards digitalization at very rapid pace. In preceding era, there was a cashless society performing economic exchange through the Barter system. Although in modern era, economic actions are led through numerous electronic means, instead of using cash. These transactions are approved via mobile phones, though, a lot of transactions are still carried out using only cash in India. Keeping this in mind, this study was planned to assess the impact of cashless economy to an advancement of society through cashless transactions in rural areas of Bageshwar district in Uttarakhand. 200 subjects were selected through purposive sampling and interviewed with a pretested questionnaire. Majority (80 %) respondents were aware about digital payments, only because demonetization in the country. About 38 percent of subjects were practicing Internet banking/ mobile banking. Notably majority of the subjects belonged to high socio-economic status. Moreover, the majority (62.5 percent) echoed their inability for using Internet/mobile banking services attributed to a lack of comprehensive understanding of consumer’s approach to safety and technical intricacies. Despite being educated, many of respondents did not custom even digital payment apps because of financial security concerns. Alongside, there was also a dearth of digital literacy as well as Internet accessibility leading being a causative factor for undergoing difficult use of mobile payment apps. Majority of respondents (69.6 percent) believed in existence of lack in an authenticity of digital transactions, portraying the lack of awareness among people for digital transactions. In contrary, only 30.4 percent of people responded the authenticity within digital transactions as apparent.
Dr. Yogesh Chandra, Sunil Kumar, Nivedita Awasthi,
Copyright (c) 2023 The Ring: An Interdisciplinary International Journal https://mbsresearch.com/
A CRITICAL STUDY OF THE REPRESENTATION OF FEMALE PROTAGONISTS IN THE MAJOR NOVELS OF ANITA DESAI
Anita Desai was born in the year 1937 and is one of the popular writers of India. She is popular due to her efforts to bring psychological realism to Indian English literature. Most of her novels reflect the emotions, problems, and complications faced by her characters, mostly women with issues of loneliness and identity. The present research paper attempts to discuss critically the development of the female protagonists in the novels written by Anita Desai, who is an acclaimed writer known for psychological realism in Indian English literature. In the works of Anita Desai, women are portrayed as complex individuals facing issues related to their identity and alienation, marital disharmony, and socio-cultural constraints. There is a definite development in terms of the portrayal of female characters in the novels written by Anita Desai, from being psychologically unstable and socially isolated, as seen in the case of Maya in "Cry, the Peacock" and Monisha in "Voices in the City", to self-aware, self-reliant, and independent ones like Sita in "Where Shall We Go This Summer?", Nanda Kaul in "Fire on the Mountain", Bimla in "Clear Light of Day", and Uma in "Fasting, Feasting". The study further draws attention to the fact that Desai uses psychological elements, symbols, and an inward approach in narrating women’s internal struggles. Through comparing the chosen characters, one notices a significant change in theme whereby the despair and vulnerability of women give way to strength and self-awareness. Overall, through her novels, Desai shows the evolving position of women in society.
Copyright (c) 2025 The Ring: An Interdisciplinary International Journal https://mbsresearch.com/
Uttarakhand’s Budget Trends on Education Financing and Human Capital: : A Decadal Review of Uttarakhand’s Education Budget(2008-2019)
Education is one of the primary function for the individual and social development as it enhances living standard and make person meet their abilities, possibility of developing intellectual at individual level as well as at social level. Educational development directly indicates the growth of region, state or country and reflects the socio-economic status of the population. Education is a significant standard for improving socio-economic condition and human capital development. Education is critical input in Human Resource Development Index (HDI). Sustainable Development Goal 4 is based on Quality education. Better Human resource fosters Social Justice, Social Well being and Social Stability and indirectly growth of the economy. High literacy rate correlates with low birth rate, low Infant mortality rate and increase in the rate of life expectancy. Each year government announced their annual Budgets with huge scopes of development. Furthermore, economic growth alone cannot be achieved by raising funds for employment, and reducing poverty. To cover the overall problem, government need to give more priority for education sector. Government need to raise budget for social sectors like education which is linked with economic growth and social development. The main aim of this paper is to assess the Budget expenditure on Education & extra-curricular activities in Uttarakhand since 2008 and to make comparison between the budget required for the education sector and actual budget allocated.
DR BHARTI JAISWAL, DR MADHU BISHT, Ms NEHA DHAMI L, Ms SANSKRITI BISHT,
Copyright (c) 2021 The Ring: An Interdisciplinary International Journal https://mbsresearch.com/
REGULAR COTOTAL DOMINATION IN LINE GRAPH
A dominating set is called regular cototal dominating set, if the induced subgraph is regular and has no isolated vertices. The minimum cardinality of vertices in a such a set is called regular cototal domination number in and is denoted by .
Faimida Begum1 and Meenakshi Vaijinathrao2
MEMORY, NOSTALGIA, AND EMOTIONAL DUALITY ACROSS GENRES IN LAMB’S WORKS
This paper provides a holistic approach to examining continuity in themes in the literature written by Charles Lamb. The analysis will focus on themes such as memory, nostalgia, family love, dual emotions, childhood consciousness, and urban imagination. By using a genre-crossing approach that covers essays, poems, and works of children's literature created by Charles Lamb, this paper proves that Charles Lamb is able to establish his literary tradition based on emotional authenticity and imagination. Memory becomes the instrument for creating both personal and collective emotions out of the writer’s life experience. Depiction of domesticity goes against stereotypical perceptions of families since in Lamb’s literary tradition, family ties imply a sense of companionship and love. Another characteristic feature of Charles Lamb’s literary style includes his unique way of combining tragedy and comedy that creates a tragicomic mood in his works. Finally, connection to childhood reveals not only educational ideas of the author but also his search for solace in childhood memory. Overall, Charles Lamb’s deviation from traditional nature-inspired Romanticism proves the unity of themes in his works.
Rajeshwar Suryakanth Pathak, Dr. Waseem Majid
Comparative Biodegradation Efficiency of Native Fungal Isolates Against Petroleum, Diesel, and Kerosene in Contaminated Soils
Petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) like petroleum, diesel, and kerosene contaminate soils at filling stations, necessitating effective bioremediation. This study evaluates the degradation efficiency of four native fungal isolates (Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus versicolor, Fusarium solani) isolated from Manglia Gaon, Indore. The studies conducted on these hydrocarbons in mineral salt medium (MSM, initial TPH: 2.40 mg/L) for over 15 and 30 days at 25°C. Aspergillus flavus achieved the highest degradation (70–80%), followed by A. fumigatus (65–75%), A. versicolor (60–70%), and F. solani (50–60%). Kerosene, with lighter fractions, degraded fastest. Linear regression models (R²=0.85–0.95) and ANOVA (F=12.45, p<0.001) confirmed significant differences by fungus and hydrocarbon type. These findings highlight the potential of native fungi for targeted bioremediation, with A. flavus as a prime candidate for mixed PHC contamination, informing sustainable remediation strategies for polluted urban soils.
Copyright (c) 2026 The Ring: An Interdisciplinary International Journal https://mbsresearch.com/
प्रेमचंद के उपन्यासों में ग्रामीण यथार्थ
प्रेमचंद हिंदी साहित्य के यथार्थवादी परंपरा के प्रमुख स्तंभ हैं, जिनके उपन्यास भारतीय ग्रामीण जीवन की जटिलताओं और अंतर्विरोधों का सजीव चित्र प्रस्तुत करते हैं। प्रस्तुत शोध पत्र में प्रेमचंद के प्रमुख उपन्यासों—विशेषतः गोदान, निर्मला और सेवासदन—के माध्यम से ग्रामीण समाज के आर्थिक, सामाजिक तथा सांस्कृतिक आयामों का विश्लेषण किया गया है। इसमें किसानों की दयनीय स्थिति, जमींदारी शोषण, कर्जग्रस्तता, सामाजिक कुरीतियाँ (जैसे दहेज, जाति-भेद) तथा नारी की स्थिति जैसे मुद्दों का आलोचनात्मक अध्ययन किया गया है। यह शोध गुणात्मक पद्धति पर आधारित है, जिसमें प्राथमिक स्रोत के रूप में मूल ग्रंथों तथा द्वितीयक स्रोत के रूप में आलोचनात्मक साहित्य का उपयोग किया गया है। अध्ययन से स्पष्ट होता है कि प्रेमचंद ने ग्रामीण जीवन के यथार्थ को न केवल यथावत प्रस्तुत किया, बल्कि उसमें निहित मानवीय संवेदनाओं और सामाजिक परिवर्तन की आवश्यकता को भी रेखांकित किया। इस प्रकार, उनके उपन्यास केवल साहित्यिक कृतियाँ नहीं, बल्कि भारतीय ग्रामीण समाज के ऐतिहासिक-सामाजिक दस्तावेज के रूप में भी महत्वपूर्ण हैं।
Copyright (c) 2022 The Ring: An Interdisciplinary International Journal https://mbsresearch.com/
हिंदी साहित्य में वर्णित भारतीय संस्कृति और मानवीय मूल्य
संस्कृति को मानव जीवन के मानसिक, नैतिक, भौतिक, आध्यात्मिक, सामाजिक, राजनीतिक, कलात्मक तथा व्यावहारिक पक्षों की समग्र अभिव्यक्ति कहा जा सकता है। मनुष्य अपने जीवन में जो कुछ सीखता है, अपनाता है और व्यवहार में लाता है, वही संस्कृति का निर्माण करता है। संस्कृति का वास्तविक क्षेत्र समाज है, क्योंकि मनुष्य समाज में रहकर ही अपने आचार-विचार, व्यवहार, परंपराएँ, मान्यताएँ और जीवन-मूल्य विकसित करता है। इस दृष्टि से समाज का संपूर्ण क्रियाविधान संस्कृति की रचना करता है। मानवीय स्तर पर इन क्रियाविधियों को संस्कार कहा जाता है। मनुष्य और प्रकृति दोनों मिलकर संस्कारों की रचना करते हैं। प्रकृति मनुष्य को जीवन का आधार प्रदान करती है, जबकि मनुष्य अपने अनुभव, चिंतन और व्यवहार के माध्यम से जीवन-पद्धति का विकास करता है। आचार, विचार और संस्कार संस्कृति के प्रमुख अंग माने जाते हैं। देह और इंद्रियों से उत्पन्न होने वाली क्रियाएँ ‘आचार’ के अंतर्गत आती हैं, जबकि मन, बुद्धि, चित्त और अहंकार आदि के द्वारा की गई चेष्टाएँ जब मानवीय चेतना में स्थायी प्रभाव उत्पन्न करती हैं, तब वे संस्कार का रूप धारण कर लेती हैं।
Copyright (c) 2020 The Ring: An Interdisciplinary International Journal https://mbsresearch.com/
हिंदुस्तानी शास्त्रीय संगीत में गायन के परिर्वतित आयाम
हिंदुस्तानी संगीत हमारे जीवन का सुंदर संश्लेषण है, भारतवर्ष की संस्कृति का परिचायक है और भारत की सांस्कृतिक एकता का प्रतीक है। भारतीय साहित्य और भारतीय कला के समान भारतीय संगीत भी शताब्दियों की अमूल्य देन है। कला कोई भी हो यदि वह परंपरागत नहीं है तो वह अजायबघर की वस्तु ही कहलाएगी। संगीत के इतिहास में कला प्रस्तुत करने के लिए तत्संबंध नियमों का अनुसरण आवश्यक है। कला सौंदर्य उपासना का सजीव प्रतीक और उसका अमर माध्यम है। संगीत कला मुख्यतः प्रयोगात्मक कला है तथापि उसका शास्त्रीय पक्ष भी उपेक्षनीय नहीं। शास्त्र से अभिप्राय अध्धेय विषय की वैज्ञानिक व्यवस्था से है जिसके माध्यम से अनुशासन के साथ शिक्षा की सुविधा संपन्न हो सके। शास्त्र का कार्य निगमात्मक प्रणाली से सिद्धांतो की स्थापना कर कला को स्थायित्व तथा प्रतिष्ठा प्रदान करना है। लक्ष्य तथा लक्षण में सामंजस्य स्थापन शास्त्र का प्रधान उददेश्य है। शासन से अभिप्राय केवल नीरस एवं निष्प्राण नियमों के तार्किक प्रतिपादन मात्र से नहीं अपितु कला की चिरंतनता बढ़ाने वाले तत्व चिंतन से है। ‘‘नादरूपो जनार्दन कला’’ का बीज मंत्र कला की इसी प्रवाहिता को संयत रखने का कार्य शास्त्र का है। कला का वही प्रवाहित शास्त्र सम्मत हो सकता है जो कला के मौलिक सिद्धांतो के विपरीत ना होते हुए जन रूचि के अनुकूल हो।
Social Assimilation: Constructive Integration or Instrument of Social Disintegration
Social assimilation, the process by which individuals or groups adopt the cultural norms of another group, has long been a subject of sociological inquiry. While often celebrated as a mechanism for fostering unity and social cohesion, assimilation can also function as a tool for marginalization and cultural erasure, leading to social disintegration. This paper critically examines social assimilation as both a constructive force and a potential weapon for social destruct. Drawing on secondary data and a comprehensive review of literature, the study explores the dual nature of assimilation, its implications for minority groups, and the broader societal impacts. The analysis is structured around key objectives, including the mechanisms of assimilation, its role in nation-building, and its potential to undermine diversity. The paper concludes with recommendations for policy and practice, emphasizing the need for inclusive approaches that balance integration with respect for cultural pluralism.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journals The Ring: An Interdisciplinary International Journal https://mbsresearch.com/
The Evolution of Human Thoughts: A Historical Inquiry into Global Intellectual Philosophical Impact
The history of human thought encompasses the progression of intellectual paradigms, philosophical doctrines, and scientific advancements that have shaped civilizations. This article examines the trajectory of thought from ancient to modern times, analysing key philosophical movements and their influence on contemporary knowledge systems. Through a comprehensive literature review and a structured research methodology, the study delineates objectives aimed at understanding the transformation of ideas, the interplay between culture and cognition, and the mechanisms of intellectual transmission. The research employs qualitative analysis, historical comparison, and case studies to elucidate the evolution of thought. The findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of intellectual history and provide a framework for future interdisciplinary research.
Fiscal Deficit, Government Expenditure and Economic Growth in India: A Comparative Analysis using ARDL and NARDL Approach
The relationship between fiscal deficit and economic growth is a critical issue in macroeconomic policy, particularly in developing economies like India, where fiscal interventions play a significant role in economic stabilization. While fiscal deficits may support growth through demand stimulation, their long-term effects depend on the composition of expenditure. This study examines the impact of fiscal deficit on economic growth in India by incorporating developmental and non-developmental expenditure within a unified framework. The analysis is based on annual data from 1980–81 to 2021–22. To capture both linear and nonlinear dynamics, the study employs the Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) and Nonlinear ARDL (NARDL) models. The results from the ARDL model confirm a long-run relationship among the variables; however, the impact of fiscal deficit on economic growth is statistically insignificant under the linear specification. In contrast, the NARDL model reveals significant asymmetric effects, indicating that the impact of fiscal deficit varies depending on its direction. Fiscal expansion negatively affects growth, while fiscal consolidation exerts a stronger contractionary impact.
Prakhar Pandey, Rajnish Pande, Amit Melkhani
सतनामी व 1672 में औरंगजेब के विरुद्ध आत्म सम्मान की लड़ाई एवं वर्तमान स्थिति
सतनाम सत (सत्य) और नाम (ईश्वर का नाम)। जो लोग सत्य को ही ईश्वर मानते हैं और उसी की उपासना करते हैं, वह सतनामी माने जाते हैं। सतनाम विचारधारा का विकास भक्ति आंदोलन के निर्गुण विचारधारा से हुआ है। 01) यह ईश्वर को निराकार मानते हैं। 02) यह मूर्ति पूजा की अपेक्षा नाम सिमरन और भक्ति को महत्व देते हैं । 03) यह विचारधारा बाहरी आडंबरों से हटकर सत्य, श्रद्धा, समानता और आंतरिक भक्ति पर जोर देती है। इनका मानना है कि ईश्वर बाहर नहीं बल्कि मन के अंदर है। कबीर जी ,नानक जी, रविदास जी भक्ति युग के संत हुए हैं। जिन्होंने 15वीं 16वीं शताब्दी में नए धार्मिक (सतनाम )रास्ते को बनाया। सतनाम विचारधारा, जो हिंदू धर्म व इस्लाम धर्म दोनों से अलग है। सतनामी विचारधारा की सरलता के कारण हिंदू धर्म व इस्लाम धर्म के अनुयाई इसमें शामिल हो रहे थे। भक्ति आंदोलन एक ऐसा आंदोलन था जिसने आध्यात्मिक ख्याति प्राप्त की ,यद्यपि इसमें ईश्वर के प्रति प्रेम और साधना का सिद्धांत मूल रूप से हिंदू था। यह विचारधारा इस्लामी प्रथ।ओ एवं विश्वासों से भी प्रभावित थी ! भक्ति आंदोलन के दो उद्देश्य रहे हैं-
छात्रावासीय तथा अछात्रावासीय उच्च स्तरीय विद्यार्थियों की शैक्षिक उपलब्धियों तथा सामाजिक समायोजन का तुलनात्मक अध्ययन
शिक्षा व्यक्ति के जीवन में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभाती है। यह एक सामाजिक प्रक्रिया है। यह मनुष्य के सामाजिक जीवन को सार्थक बनाने के लिए अत्यंत आवश्यक है। भारत की तरह विश्व की अन्य प्राचीन सभ्यताओं में भी प्रारंभ से ही शिक्षा को महत्वपूर्ण स्थान मिला है। बालक का व्यक्तिगत, मानसिक, शारीरिक, सामाजिक तथा संवेगात्मक विकास एक ऐसी प्रक्रिया है जो जीवन पर्यन्त सरिता के नीर की भाँति प्रवाहित होती रहती है। शिक्षा के अभाव में व्यक्ति पशु तुल्य माना जाता है। शिक्षा अनेक तत्वों को प्रभावित करती है तथा साथ ही शिक्षा भी अनेक तत्वों से प्रभावित होती है। शिक्षा किसी व्यक्ति को ‘वास्तविक मनुष्य’ बनाती है। शिक्षा की प्रक्रिया द्वारा व्यक्ति जीवन के लिए अनुकूल बन जाता है। शिक्षा व्यक्ति को आत्मनिर्भर तथा निःस्वार्थ बनाती है।
Copyright (c) 2025 Journals The Ring: An Interdisciplinary International Journal https://mbsresearch.com/
Exploring the Influence of Domino's 30-Minute Delivery Guarantee and Ride-Hailing Innovations on the Rise of Quick Commerce (Q-Commerce)
The objective of this research is to analyze the historical and technological roots of Quick Commerce (Q-Commerce) through an analysis of the evolution of its operational and infrastructural setup. It seeks to explore how the time-bound delivery service offered by Domino’s Pizza and the digital logistics system of ride-sharing services such as Uber and Ola influenced the development of the current hyperlocal rapid delivery systems. The research methodology is qualitative and exploratory, using only secondary sources of data, which include peer-reviewed articles, industry reports, corporate studies, official government publications, and news archives. A comparative and historical analysis approach is used to assess three key aspects: (1) speed-based service offerings, (2) technological infrastructure, such as real-time tracking and dynamic routing algorithms, and (3) scalability in urban logistics infrastructure. The results show that the development of Q-Commerce was the result of the integration of operational legacy and data-driven platform innovation, rather than a discrete innovation in its own right. The consumer expectation of rapid delivery was set by Domino’s, and the ride-sharing platforms introduced algorithmic optimization, orchestration, and real-time tracking. The combination of these factors made possible the creation of dark stores, hyper-local fulfillment networks, and scalable digital delivery platforms, which are the hallmarks of Q-Commerce companies. The research relies on secondary data and does not include primary empirical testing. Future studies may involve quantitative testing or cross-country analysis. In examining the development of Q-Commerce with a wider perspective, this study adds to the existing literature on the platform economy and digital logistics. This study provides a conceptual framework that identifies Q-Commerce as a consequence of the development of conventional operations and innovations in digital infrastructure.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journals The Ring: An Interdisciplinary International Journal https://mbsresearch.com/
CASTE, DISEASE AND HEALING: MARGINALIZED COMMUNITIES' ENCOUNTER WITH MEDICINE IN THE OUDH REGION (1900–1947)
This research explores the intersections of caste, illness and health practices among marginalized populations within the Oudh area of Colonial India between 1900 and 1947. Using colonial administrative documents, sanitary commission reports, vernacular print materials, and secondary historical literature the research will investigate how the colonial public health apparatus interacted with and frequently reinforced existing caste-based hierarchical structures. The research is arguing that Western biomedicine, as it was introduced and implemented by the British Colonial State in Oudh, was neither a value-neutral scientific endeavor nor a universally available public resource; instead, it was heavily influenced by caste, class and the political objectives of Empire. In addition to being disproportionately affected by epidemic diseases such as plague, cholera and malaria, due to both their occupation and residential segregation, marginalized communities, including Dalits (previously known as 'untouchables'), low-caste artisans and Muslim service castes also experienced compounding vulnerabilities of access to colonial medical services and interventions. These included social stigmatization, institutional neglect, and differential application of public health policies and practices. The research also investigates how marginalized communities have negotiated their exclusion from colonial medical services and interventions, using indigenous healing systems including local Ayurvedic practitioners (vaid) and Unani healers (hakim), and folk medicine traditions, which provided culturally relevant alternatives to a colonial medical system that too often viewed the lower-caste body as an object of surveillance, and not as a subject deserving of care. Finally, the research finds that the colonial medical experience in Oudh resulted in greater health inequities based on caste, which continue today in India.
गोपाल कृष्ण गोखले के राजनीतिक विचारों का अध्ययन
गोपाल कृष्ण गोखले भारतीय राजनीति के उन उदारवादी नेताओं में अग्रणी थे, जिन्होंने संवैधानिक साधनों तथा आध्यात्मिक मूल्यों के समन्वय से राजनीति को एक नई दिशा प्रदान की। यह अध्ययन गोखले के राजनीतिक विचारों का व्यापक विश्लेषण प्रस्तुत करता है, जिसमें ब्रिटिश उदारवाद में उनकी आस्था, संवैधानिक साधनों के प्रति प्रतिबद्धता, स्वशासन की अवधारणा, तात्कालिक माँगें तथा आध्यात्मिकता और नैतिकता के समन्वय पर उनके विचार शामिल हैं। गोखले ब्रिटिश शासन को भारत के लिए ईश्वरीय वरदान मानते हुए भी उसकी साम्राज्यवादी नीतियों के कटु आलोचक थे। उन्होंने प्रजातीय साम्राज्यवाद का विरोध करते हुए भारतीयों के साथ समानता के व्यवहार की माँग की। वे पाश्चात्य शिक्षा को मुक्तिदायिनी शक्ति मानते थे और उसके विस्तार के पक्षधर थे। उनके द्वारा स्थापित भारत सेवक समाज (1905) राष्ट्रीय एकता और आध्यात्मिक राष्ट्रवाद का प्रतीक बना।
Influence of resistance training on muscle hypertrophy in young athletes
Resistance training is widely recognised as an effective stimulus for promoting skeletal muscle hypertrophy, yet its influence on young athletes remains a subject of ongoing scientific inquiry due to developmental and maturational considerations. This study examines the impact of structured resistance training programmes on muscle hypertrophy among young athletes, focusing on training variables such as intensity, volume, frequency, and progression. Drawing on empirical evidence, the research evaluates physiological adaptations including increases in muscle cross-sectional area, neuromuscular efficiency, and protein synthesis rates during adolescence. Particular attention is given to the interaction between growth-related hormonal changes and mechanical loading, which collectively modulate hypertrophic outcomes. The review also considers safety, supervision, and technique as critical moderating factors influencing training effectiveness in youth populations. Overall, the findings indicate that appropriately designed and periodised resistance training can significantly enhance muscle hypertrophy in young athletes, thereby improving strength, performance capacity, and long-term athletic development while minimising injury risk.
The Impact of Sports Participation on Adolescent Mental Health
Adolescence is a critical developmental phase characterized by rapid physical, emotional, and psychological changes. During this period, individuals are particularly vulnerable to mental health challenges such as stress, anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and emotional instability. Sports participation has increasingly been recognized as a significant protective factor that contributes positively to adolescent mental health. This study explores the impact of sports involvement on psychological well-being, emotional regulation, social competence, and overall mental resilience among adolescents. Through an examination of existing literature and empirical findings, the research highlights how structured physical activity fosters emotional balance, cognitive development, self-confidence, and social integration. Participation in sports encourages teamwork, discipline, goal-setting, and stress management, which collectively enhance psychological stability. Moreover, sports engagement provides adolescents with constructive outlets for emotional expression and social interaction, reducing the risk of mental health disorders. The study emphasizes the role of educational institutions, families, and policymakers in promoting inclusive and accessible sports programs to support adolescent mental well-being. Ultimately, sports participation emerges as a powerful intervention strategy for fostering holistic development and sustainable mental health outcomes in young individuals.
Peri-Urban Spaces: Urban Expansion, Emerging Threats, and Strategies for Resilience
Urban expansion into surrounding rural regions has increasingly become a major subject of inquiry because of its wide-ranging implications for communities, agricultural resources, and long-term sustainability. Driven by rising demand for housing, infrastructure, and commercial establishments, peri-urban processes convert agricultural land into urban uses. This outward growth imposes substantial costs on local inhabitants and generates complex effects on local economies, environmental systems, food security, and community livelihoods. As agricultural land is transformed, farmland becomes fragmented, arable soil declines, agricultural productivity weakens, and local food systems are undermined. Social disparities are also reinforced through peri-urbanization, since disadvantaged groups often face land dispossession and unequal access to resources. Agro-climatically suited farming systems are disrupted, and farmers are compelled to shift toward new practices such as cash cropping, crop diversification, and increased use of fertilizers and pesticides. These changes contribute to water contamination and broader environmental degradation, including rising pollution and biodiversity loss, thereby complicating sustainability across both rural and urban settings.
Entrepreneurship among Tribal Women: Challenges and Pathways to Empowerment
Entrepreneurship has increasingly been positioned as a critical instrument for inclusive economic development, particularly in developing countries where social inequalities intersect with economic marginalization. Within this framework, the entrepreneurial engagement of tribal women remains underexplored despite its transformative potential. This paper examines the relationship between traditional gender roles and entrepreneurship among women in tribal communities in India. It interrogates the widely held perception that tribal societies are inherently egalitarian and demonstrates that tribal women experience layered marginalization as women and as members of historically disadvantaged communities. Drawing upon qualitative research based on documentary analysis of academic literature, case studies, and socio-economic reports, the study investigates how gender norms, cultural practices, and structural barriers influence tribal women’s entrepreneurial participation. The analysis reveals that although tribal women actively contribute to household economies and local production systems, patriarchal norms, limited access to education, financial constraints, and infrastructural deficiencies significantly restrict their entrepreneurial mobility. At the same time, entrepreneurship offers a potential site of resistance, enabling some women to renegotiate established gender expectations and expand their decision-making power.
Indian English literature and the theme of migration
Indian English literature has emerged as a powerful medium for articulating the complex realities of migration, displacement, identity, and cultural negotiation in a globalized world. The theme of migration occupies a central place in this literary tradition, reflecting the historical, social, economic, and political forces that compel individuals and communities to move across geographical and cultural boundaries. Indian English writers explore both internal and international migration, portraying the emotional, psychological, and cultural challenges faced by migrants as they navigate new spaces and identities. Through narratives of exile, nostalgia, alienation, assimilation, and hybridity, these writers capture the fragmented yet dynamic nature of migrant experiences. Migration in Indian English literature is not merely a physical journey but also a metaphor for transformation, self-discovery, and redefinition of belonging. This study examines the development of Indian English literature in relation to migration, highlighting how writers portray the struggles, aspirations, and evolving identities of migrants, thereby contributing to a broader understanding of transnational and diasporic consciousness.
Effectiveness of AI-Powered Marketing Automation in Enhancing Customer Engagement
This study examines the effectiveness of AI-powered marketing automation in enhancing customer engagement within digital environments. Using a secondary research approach, the study analyses existing literature on AI-driven personalisation, predictive analytics, automated communication and customer interaction patterns. Findings indicate that AI significantly improves engagement by enabling faster responses, higher personalisation accuracy and consistent communication across touchpoints. AI tools also support proactive engagement by anticipating customer needs and delivering timely recommendations. However, the effectiveness of these systems is influenced by factors such as data quality, customer trust, organisational readiness and industry context. While AI enhances operational efficiency and interaction depth, challenges such as algorithmic bias, privacy concerns and lack of human empathy may limit its impact. Overall, the study highlights AI’s strong potential for strengthening customer–brand relationships when implemented strategically and ethically.
Changing Trends in Physical Education Sciences
The aim of this paper is to identify the current trends and challenges in physical education and sports and based on these current challenges, future trends and challenges would be discussed. There are various factors which are diminishing the interest of students in physical education activities. Although the physical education is being taught as a part of curriculum in all the schools but lack of adequate time and trained teachers, good facilities are responsible for little interest in this field. The future challenges to make this field interesting involves an adequate curriculum, sufficient funds allotment for holding various competitions and role of technology to create awareness about the importance of physical activities and sports in our daily life. All these issues have been discussed in the present paper.
GENDER DISCRIMINATION AND POLICIES IN INDIA
The principle of gender equality is enshrined in the Indian Constitution in its Preamble, Fundamental Rights, Fundamental Duties and Directive Principles. The Constitution not only grants equality to women, but also empowers the State to adopt measures of positive discrimination in favour of women. Any kind of discrimination among the fellow human being is the worst kind of mental torture and subjecting this cruelty to half of our population is unbecoming of a nation. After independence constitution gave right to equality to all its citizens. But it remain on paper and even now after seventy three years gender discrimination is still part of our society ,our work place and even the judicial system. Women representation in our law makers is so feeble that they can hardly make any difference in real terms. So many steps were taken and policies were drawn in earlier years by the parliament to change the bias. It affected the representation at local governance like panchayats and urban governance but their presence at state assemblies and parliament remained merely a token representation. Woman reservation alone has not been found adequate because elected women leadership have been obstructed by variety of the socio-economic and political factors. The women who got leadership position, through reservation still have been working merely on directive of their family’s men folk with minor exceptions. Strong laws were made to make the work places gender sensitive and some success is achieved but there is still a long road ahead. Women reservation bill which is struck in parliament for almost two decades is very much a progressive step to achieve equality.
Facile Synthesis, and Antimicrobial activity of Imidazole derivatives by Zirconia NPs catalyst
Imidazole derivatives are considered potential chemical compounds that could be therapeutically effective against several harmful pathogenic microbes. In the present study substituted imidazoles via nano zirconia catalyzed multicomponent reaction of isatin derivatives with ammonium acetate and substituted indole-3- aldehydes has been developed. The synthesized imidazole derivatives were characterised using spectral and analytical data viz; nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) , IR and 13 CNMR. The results of antibacterial and antifungal and antioxidant activities showed that some of the synthesized compounds exhibited promising activities.
Perceptions of Islamic Finance among Muslim Women: Evidence from Sangli District, Western Maharashtra
This study examines how Muslim women in Western Maharashtra perceive Islamic finance, drawing on a survey of 400 Muslim women in Sangli District and insights from 25 scholarly sources. The research explores socio-cultural factors, religious beliefs, and socio-economic conditions that shape women’s financial literacy, decision-making, and attitudes towards Islamic financial practices. A stratified sampling approach captures diverse subgroups (urban/rural, working/non-working, various ages and education levels). Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, ANOVA, correlation, and regression, while qualitative inputs were thematically analyzed. Findings indicate that respondents generally have moderate financial literacy and awareness of basic Islamic finance principles (e.g. zakat and avoidance of riba), but detailed knowledge (e.g. specific Islamic banking products) is limited. Socio-cultural norms and gender roles significantly influence financial participation: urban and working women show higher involvement in household financial planning than rural or non-working women. Statistical analyses confirm that education level, employment status, and exposure to Islamic financial knowledge positively correlate with both financial literacy and openness to Islamic finance. Conversely, traditional patriarchal norms and limited mobility constrain women’s financial agency. The study’s conceptual framework illustrates these dynamics and their impact on household economic well-being. The discussion situates these findings in the context of prior literature, highlighting consistent trends and unique regional nuances. This research contributes to understanding barriers and enablers for Muslim women’s financial empowerment, offering recommendations to enhance Islamic financial literacy and inclusion. Limitations (such as geographic scope and self-reported data) are noted, and directions for future research are proposed to generalize and deepen insights.
Apsara Najir Mujawar , Dr. Vishwas S. Pendse
REGULATORY CHALLENGES AND POLICY FRAMEWORKS IN FINTECH
Fintech has had an impact on business by enabling the development of improved services for both customers and corporations. However, fintech poses new issues for regu1ators, who are struggling to keep up with continuous growth of techno1ogy & ensuing disruption. Advancement of techno1ogy & laws in Fintech business has been uneven between industrialized and developing nations, creating several possibilities and difficulties. This study discusses regulatory issues and policy structures. This research contributed to literature by highlighting role of Fintech applications in increasing financial companies' competitive advantages, improving company efficiency through cost reduction & productivity enhancement, & thus increasing profitability, as well as improving quality of financial services & products offered to consumers.
Anjali Singh, Ruchi verma, Avantika Sharma
CHALLENGES FACED BY GIG WORKERS AND FREELANCERS DURING COVID-19
The unpredictable and unexpected breakout of COVID-19pandemic has an impact on economic health of numerous enterprises throughout the world. The purpose of this article is to objectively assess level of destruction faced by Indian gig workers and freelancers as a result of the epidemic restrictions. This research critically examines the unpredictability and unlawful behaviors of freelancers, as well as how gig workers in India are exploited on occasion as a result of their unemployed status. The report concisely outlined issues faced by Indian gig workers and freelancers at the start of the shutdown. The Economic Survey, 2020-21emphasizes rising importance of the gig economy in India amidst pandemic-induced lockdown, which has resulted in massive development in online retail market. Employers initiated layoffs & instead hired freelancers or flexi-staff to save overhead expenses. Many studies have been made to examine impact of current pandemic on economy & stock markets, but relatively few have focused on epidemic's impact on gig workers. The current study attempts to fill this gap by evaluating impact of COVID-19on gig workers and freelancers by determining whether an increase in new COVID-19 cases leads to an increase in number of gig workers in Indian economy, or whether it has a significant impact on gig workers & freelancers.