International Journal of Research in Medical and Basic Sciences (IJRMBS)
ISSN: 2455-2569 (Online) Subject area: Medical and Basic Science UGC APPROVED JOURNAL Publisher: MBS Research Imapct Factor: 7.889 Frequency: Monthly Editor in Chief:Dr Kalvin Gerah Kindly email your paper on : mbsresearchp@gmail.com
Chemical nature and pharmacological action of Ocimum sanctum
Ocimum sanctum (Tulsi), a medicinal plant of the Lamiaceae family, is widely recognized for its rich phytochemical composition and diverse pharmacological properties. Its chemical nature is characterized by the presence of essential oils such as eugenol, methyl eugenol, and linalool, along with phenolic compounds like rosmarinic acid and flavonoids including orientin and vicenin. These bioactive constituents contribute significantly to its strong antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory activities. Pharmacologically, Ocimum sanctum exhibits broad-spectrum antimicrobial effects by disrupting microbial cell membranes, while its anti-inflammatory action involves inhibition of cyclooxygenase pathways. Additionally, it demonstrates adaptogenic properties by modulating stress responses, along with antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, and cardioprotective effects. The synergistic interaction of its phytochemicals makes Tulsi a potent therapeutic agent with significant applications in traditional and modern medicine.
Copyright (c) 2022 International Journal of Research in Medical and Basic Sciences (IJRMBS) https://mbsresearch.com/
“A QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL STUDY TO ASSESS THE EFFECTIVENESS OF DANCE THERAPY ON THE LEVEL OF STRESS AMONG NURSING STUDENTS OF SELECTED NURSING COLLEGES OF SHIMLA (H.P.).”
Background:Stress is inevitable to human and the reactions vary from individual to individual. During nursing education and training, students are frequently exposed to stressors which may affect their performance. Dance therapy has positive impact on stress. Aim: A quasi-experimental study was conducted in selected nursing colleges of Shimla, (H.P) with objective to assess the effectiveness of dance therapy on the level of stress. Methodology: The study adopted quasi-experimental design. Convenience sampling technique was used to select 60 Nursing students. Modified Perceived Stress Scale was used to assess the level of stress before and after the dance therapy.
Copyright (c) 2022 Journals International Journal of Research in Medical and Basic Sciences (IJRMBS) https://mbsresearch.com/
RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF CHRONIC PURULENT OTITIS MEDIA IN CHILDREN.
Introduction: Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is the result of an initial episode of acute otitis media and is characterized by persistent discharge from the middle ear. Purpose: To establish the role of various risk factors for the development of chronic suppurative otitis media among children who received treatment on the basis of the ENT department of the children's multidisciplinary medical clinical center and the 1-family polyclinic of the Samarkand city. Methods: Using a case-control study design, 78 sick children with chronic suppurative otitis media and 156 relatively healthy children in the control group were compared to determine various common risk factors for the development of the disease. We examined the following risk factors: gender, age, socioeconomic status (SES), diet, passive smoking, snoring, persistent rhinorrhea, positive throat culture, seasonal and allergic rhinitis. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed by including variables with p <0.30 knowledge in the bi-variant analysis.
Noval Schiff base, 4-(2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzylideneamino)-5-mercapto-3-methyl-1,2,4-triazole and its metal complexes: spectroscopic, electron spin resonance, fluorescence and antimicrobial studies
The Schiff base, 4-(2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzylideneamino)-5-mercapto-1,2,4-triazole (HL) derived from 4-Amino-5-mercapto-3-methyl-1,2,4-triazoles with 2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzaldehyde has been synthesized by reflux. Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes of the Schiff base were prepared and characterized by spectral studies (UV-vis, IR, Fluorescence), elemental analysis, thermal and magnetic moment measurements. An octahedral geometry for Co(II) and Ni(II) has been proposed on the basis of spectral and thermal techniques. The presence of coordinated water in the 1:1 metal complexes was confirmed by Infra Red and Thermogravimetric method. The metal complexes were screened against gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus), gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and yeast (Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to evaluate their antimicrobial activity.
Manish Kumar, Kiran Singh, Vikas Kumar and Vipin
Copyright (c) 2023 International Journal of Research in Medical and Basic Sciences (IJRMBS) https://mbsresearch.com/
Schiff base metal complexes of 4-(2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzylideneamino)-5-mercapto-3-methyl-1,2,4-triazole: Synthesis, characterization, electron spin resonance, fluorescence, and biological study
The Schiff base, 4-(2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzylideneamino)-5-mercapto-3-methyl-1,2,4-triazole (HL) was prepared by refluxing 4-Amino-5-mercapto-3-methyl-1,2,4-triazole and 2-Chloro-5-nitrobenzaldehyde in equimolar concentrations. The synthesis of Cu(II) and Zn(II) complexes was carried out using the Schiff base in 1:1 and 1:2 molar ratios. The synthesized ligand and metal complexes were characterized through spectral studies (UV-vis, IR, 1H-NMR, ESR, Fluorescence), elemental analysis, and thermal and magnetic moment measurements. An octahedral geometry for the Zn(II) complex and a square planar geometry for the Cu(II) complex were proposed based on the results of spectral and thermal techniques. The presence of coordinated water in the 1:1 metal complexes was confirmed using Infrared and Thermogravimetric methods. The antimicrobial activity of the Schiff base and its metal complexes was assessed against gram positive bacteria (Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus), gram negative bacteria (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and yeast (Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae) to evaluate their antimicrobial activity.
PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL-BEING AMONG NURSING STUDENTS OF A SELECTED UNIVERSITY, AJMAN, UAE.
Background: Present age is the age of competition. Scientific and technological advancement all over the globe has made man very conscious and sensitive about his studies, vocation, lifestyle and relations. The event of joining the college is one of the major and significant transitions in the life span of any individual. Purpose: The aim of this study is to assess the psychological wellbeing among nursing students of a selected University, Ajman, UAE Methodology: A quantitative approach with a cross-sectional survey design among 150 nursing students using stratified random sampling and computer randomization. A google survey was used to collect data using the Psychological Well-being Scale. Findings: Findings revealed majority147 (98.0%) were of the age group of 18-25 years, majority112(74.7%) were females, 22(14.7%) of students had private jobs and 63% (42.0%) were from Ajman. The mean score of psychological wellbeing was 88.7 ± 12.2, highest scores were for personal growth 16.4 ± 3.2 and least was for purpose in life 13.6 ± 3.5. There was a significant difference between psychological wellbeing and the domain - positive relations with others, 3rd years had the highest score of 14.5 ± 3.7 and least scores were seen with 2nd years 12.3 ± 3.7 which was significant p<0.05. Students who were unemployed had higher psychological wellbeing scores 89.7 ± 12.8 significant at p<0.05. There was a significance for positive relations 14.2 ± 3.8 p<0.05 and personal growth 14.2 ± 3.8, p<0.001 where unemployed had higher scores. Conclusion: The present study findings have revealed that over all the students had good psychological wellbeing. Highest scores were seen for personal growth and self-acceptance. The least scores were seen for purpose in life and positive relations with others. Nurse educators must understand psychological wellbeing among nursing students, as they are vital as students’ progress in academic years. Ensuring psychological wellbeing among nursing students is not only an educational concern but a professional and organizational necessity.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journals International Journal of Research in Medical and Basic Sciences (IJRMBS) https://mbsresearch.com/
Vastu Puja and Starting of Construction : Timing, Ritual Importance, and Classical Guidelines from Vishwakarma Prakash
Classical Vastu literature situates the origin of the Vastu Puruṣa within the cosmological framework of the four Yugas—Satya, Treta, Dvāpara, and Kali. According to traditional accounts, the Vastu Purush came into existence during the Treta Yuga, whereas no such entity is described in the Satya Yuga. The Satya Yuga is characterised by the predominance of sattva guṇa, marked by heightened consciousness, ethical conduct, and harmony between human activity and natural forces. During this period, built environments were believed to remain inherently balanced, eliminating the need for corrective spatial principles or symbolic regulators such as the Vastu Puruṣa.
Copyright (c) 2016 International Journal of Research in Medical and Basic Sciences (IJRMBS) https://mbsresearch.com/
EMERGING NON THERMAL TECHNIQUES OF MINIMAL PROCESSING OF FOOD
Various non-thermal technologies of minimal processing of food aims to inactivate microorganisms and halt the deteriorative reactions in the food without the application of heat. Non thermal technologies are said to guarantee the food safety and preservation as well as to maintain the fresh like characteristics of fruits and vegetables. The main objective behind minimal processing is to make the food chemically and biologically safe with minimum loss in their fresh like characteristics (flavor, texture, color, nutrients) that are associated with conventional heat processing method. Irradiation, High Hydrostatic Pressure, Ultrasound, Pulsed Electric Field, and High Intensity Light are some of the emerging non thermal techniques which are gaining importance for minimal processing of foods but still there is a wide scope of continued research for their commercial viability and widespread acceptance.
In Vitro Study of Antibacterial Activity of Chenopodium Album against Certain Bacterial Pathogens
The multidrug resistance of pathogenic bacteria is very big challenge in drug discovery at present time in allover world. This research work was designed to examine the in vitro antimicrobial activities of leaves aqueous, ethanolic amd chloroform extracts of Chenopodium album L. Chenopodium album leaves were collected from Mahendergarh district, Haryana and Jhunjhunu district, Rajasthan. The effects of aqueous, ethanolic amd chloroform extracts were tested against 6 bacterial strains by using disc,well-diffusion method. Results showed that leaves aqueous, ethanolic amd chloroform extracts of C.album has activity against the selected bacterial strains.
Copyright (c) 2016 Journals International Journal of Research in Medical and Basic Sciences (IJRMBS) https://mbsresearch.com/
Ectopic Pregnancy Approach and Risk Factors, A Retrospective Study at King Abdulaziz University Hospital – Three Years' Experience
Ectopic pregnancy is a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality during the first trimester of pregnancy .The incidence of ectopic pregnancy is approximately 1-2% of all pregnancies. The aim This retrospective study aimed to characterize & identify the risk factors,clinical presentation, outcomes and the management of ectopic cases in King Abdulaziz University Hospital, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia over the past 3 years . Material and methods: All patients diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy and admitted to King Abdulaziz University Hospital from January 2012 to December 2014 were eligible for this study. Demographic, clinical characteristics, laboratory investigations, ultrasound findings, date and type of surgery, medical treatment or expectant management were collected from the patients files and the hospital registration book . Result 120 patients were included in this study; their mean age was 29.9±5.7 years (range from 16 to 47 years). The mean of gravidity was 3.5±2.7 (range1-3). Only 4 (3.30%) cases had 3 times abortion . 36 (30%) cases had History Of Pelvic Surgery and 21 (17.5%) had History of Caesarian Section. All the 120 cases admitted through emergency room, 109 (90.8%) of the cases complained from abdominal pain and 71 (60.7 %) had Vaginal Bleeding . Of the patients, 19 (15.8%) had expectant management, 42(35%) received Methotrexate, 40 (33.3%) had laparoscopy and 18 (15%) had Laparotomy.
Dr.Ayman A Bakhari Dr. Ahmad MS Almrstani Miss. Ohoud B Almehwari Miss. Arwa M Aljehani Miss. Eman A Alsahafi Dr. Osama S Bajouh
WILD PIG RABIES – A CASE STUDY FROM PATHIPPARA, MALAPPURAM, KERALA.
Human-animal conflict is a growing concern in today’s crowded world. Zoonoses is a major issue that we always trying to skip from this. Human-wild pig conflict one of the major problem in the Malappuram District both as agricultural damage and collision with vehicles. Overcrowding of the stray dogs in the forest fringe area played an important role in transferring diseases between wild and domesticated animals. Here it is reporting one of the rare cases of Wild pig rabies with the details of area that it happened and also the victims included. The data were collected by the focus group discussion and the personal interviews.
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE, SPIRITUAL INTELLIGENCE, RESILIENCE & SUBJECTIVE HAPPINESS AMONG NURSES IN A SELECTED HOSPITAL, AJMAN, UAE
Introduction Caring is an essential concept in fundamental nursing and is impactful in the quality of health services and nursing practice. Emotional Intelligence, Spiritual intelligence and important factors in enhancing resilience and subjective happiness Objectives To assess the emotional Intelligence, spiritual intelligence, resilience & subjective happiness among nurses To correlate Emotional Intelligence, Spiritual Intelligence, Resilience and Subjective happiness among nurses To associate Emotional Intelligence, Spiritual Intelligence, Resilience and Subjective happiness among nurses with selected demographic variables Methods Design:A descriptive correlational design was used for the study. The subjects were 79 Nurses. Setting was at the Thumbay University hospital, Ajman, UAE. Permission was obtained from Institutional review board of University & the hospital. An online survey on emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, resilience and subjective happiness was shared to all nurses. Results Results reveal that 73(92.41%) of the nurses had high Emotional Intelligence, 47(59.9%) had moderate spiritual intelligence and 30(37.97%) had high spiritual intelligence, 69(87.34%) had normal or moderate resilience and 43(54.43%) had moderate subjective happiness and 35(44.30%) had high subjective happiness. There is a positive Correlation between Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Intelligence which is significant (0.379 P<0.001); Emotional Intelligence and Resilience which is significant (0.282, P<0.012); Emotional Intelligence and Subjective Happiness which is significant (0.340, P<0.002); Spiritual Intelligence and Resilience which is significant (0.548, P<0.000). Conclusion The present study reveals that majority of the nurses have high Emotional Intelligence, moderate spiritual intelligence, moderate resilience and moderate to high subjective happiness. The study recommends further awareness and improvement on emotional & spiritual intelligence, as this will enhance resilience and subjective happiness among nurses
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Research in Medical and Basic Sciences (IJRMBS) https://mbsresearch.com/
Effect of a Cast Training Program on Knowledge and Skill Regarding Cast Care among Nurses in UAE
Introduction Physicians and nurses' competence in casting technique and in caring for a patient with casts is essential to ensure favourable outcomes, saving expenses, and preventing possible cast-related complications. Regular in-service training programs for nurses are recommended to improve their knowledge, skills, and performance in cast-application and care. Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the effect of a Cast Training Program on Knowledge and skill regarding cast care among nurses in in selected hospitals, UAE. Methodology A pre-post cohort educational intervention design, among 44 Nurses working in the Emergency. A pre & post - test survey was conducted before & after Cast Application training. The post-test skill of nurses was assessed with a checklist during return demonstration. Results Knowledge showed an improvement with Mean ± SD of 4.47 ±2.8 which was statistically significant at p<0.001. Skill was assessed with a checklist & repeated till satisfactory results, not included for analysis. Conclusion The cast training improved the pre, intra and post knowledge and post training skill among nurses who were trained. Study recommends Nurses must be competent in cast application and this competency must be endorsed by professional bodies for nurses and include it within the scope of practice for nurses. Implications Nurses working in the Emergency departments & Orthopaedic outpatient department require training and certification in cast application
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Research in Medical and Basic Sciences (IJRMBS) https://mbsresearch.com/
Leadership and Workplace Culture in Nursing: Their Impact on Patient Safety
Leadership and workplace culture play a pivotal role in shaping nursing practice and influencing patient safety outcomes. Effective leadership fosters a positive safety culture, encourages teamwork, and enhances nurse engagement, all of which contribute to reducing medical errors and improving patient care quality. This review examines the impact of various leadership styles, including transformational, transactional, servant, democratic, and autocratic leadership, on nursing performance and patient safety outcomes. The study explores how a supportive workplace culture enhances communication, accountability, and adherence to safety protocols, thereby improving patient care. It also highlights the challenges that hinder effective leadership and safety culture, such as hierarchical structures, resistance to change, inadequate leadership training, and burnout among healthcare professionals. Additionally, the paper reviews interventions designed to improve leadership effectiveness, including mentorship programs, leadership training, and policy changes that promote staff well-being and collaboration.
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Research in Medical and Basic Sciences (IJRMBS) https://mbsresearch.com/
NON-INVASIVE MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI ISOLATED FROM ANTRAL BIOPSIES OF DYSPEPTIC PATIENTS
This phenomenon of increased antibiotic resistance in infection management of H.pylori has grown in the last decade, inducing a dramatic decline in conventional regimen effectiveness. The causes of resistance are point mutations in bacterial DNA, which interfere with antibiotic mechanism of action, especially clarithromycin and levofloxacin. Therefore, international guidelines have recently discouraged their use in areas with a relevant resistance percentage, suggesting first-line schedules with expected high eradication rates, i.e., bismuth containing or non-bismuth quadruple therapies. These regimens require the daily assumption of a large number of tablets. Consequently, a complete adherence is expected only in subjects who may be motivated by the presence of major disorders. However, an incomplete adherence to antibiotic therapies may lead to resistance onset, since sub-inhibitory concentrations could stimulate the selection of resistant mutants. Of note, a recent meta-analysis suggests that susceptibility tests may be more useful for the choice of first than second-line or rescue treatment. Additionally, susceptibility guided therapy has been demonstrated to be highly effective and superior to empiric treatments by both meta-analyses and recent clinical studies. Conventional susceptibility test is represented by culture and antibiogram. However, the method is not available everywhere mainly for methodology-related factors and fails to detect hetero-resistances. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based, culture-free techniques on gastric biopsy samples are accurate in finding even minimal traces of genotypic resistant strains and hetero-resistant status by the identification of specific point mutations. The need for an invasive endoscopic procedure has been the most important limit to their spread. A further step has, moreover, been the detection of point mutations in bacterial DNA fecal samples. Few studies on clarithromycin susceptibility have shown an overall high sensitivity and specificity when compared with culture or PCR on gastric biopsies. On these bases, two commercial tests are now available although they have shown some controversial findings. A novel PCR method showed a full concordance between tissue and stool results in a preliminary experience. In conclusion, despite poor validation, there is increasing evidence of a potential availability of noninvasive investigations able to detect H. pylori resistances to antibiotics. These kinds of analysis are currently at a very early phase of development and caution should be paid about their clinical application. Only further studies aimed to evaluate their sensitivity and specificity will afford novel data for solid considerations. Nevertheless, noninvasive molecular tests may improve patient compliance, time/ cost of infection management and therapeutic outcome. Moreover, the potential risk of a future increase of resistance to quadruple regimens as a consequence of their use on large scale and incomplete patient adherence could be avoided.
ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION AND MOLECULAR CHARACTERIZATION OF VANCOMYCIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL, PRIYAGRAJ (UP).
Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of infections both in hospitals and communities worldwide and has demonstrated resistance to commonly prescribed antimicrobial agents. This Gram-positive bacterium, commonly found in the environment, is part of the natural flora of humans. Over 60% of healthy individuals carry S. aureus on their skin and mucous membranes, particularly in the upper respiratory tract.
Imtiyaz Wani1, Mohsin Amin2, Shafat Ahmed3
Cardiovascular Consequences of Obesity in Young Adults: A Physiological and Clinical Review​
Obesity during early adulthood triggers a complex interplay of autonomic, endothelial, inflammatory, and neurohormonal alterations that collectively heighten cardiovascular risk well before the onset of overt clinical disease. These physiological disruptions lead to increased arterial pressure, vascular stiffening, and modifications in myocardial repolarization, thereby predisposing individuals to subclinical cardiovascular dysfunction (Csige et al., 2018; Powell-Wiley et al., 2021). Evidence indicates that young adults with excess adiposity often exhibit measurable early markers of cardiovascular compromise, including reduced heart rate variability, prolonged corrected QT (QTc) intervals, impaired flow-mediated dilation, and increased carotid intima–media thickness each serving as a sensitive indicator of early vascular and autonomic impairment (Banerjee et al., 2022; Kumar et al., 2004; Patel et al., 2022; Shah et al., 2015).
A STUDY ON ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN PREGNANCY
During pregnancy, physiological adaptations occur in different systems of maternal body to cater to the needs ofthe growing fetus as well as to support the increasing metabolic demands of mother. The cardiovascular system also undergoes changes and these changes are reflected in the electrocardiogram .So, this study has been conducted with the aim to learn the electrocardiographic changes in pregnancy and to compare and analyze the electrocardiogram of pregnant women with the non-pregnant women. This was a comparative study of 30 pregnant women in the age group of 20-35 yrsand 30 non-pregnant women in the same age group .A 12 lead ECG of both pregnant and non-pregnant women were recorded using ECG machine and they were analyzed.RESULT- It has been observed that there was a statistically significant increase in heart rate, decrease in PR interval , decrease in QRS axis and an increase in corrected QT interval in pregnant women compared to non-pregnant women. There was presence of Q wave in inferior leads III andaVF in pregnant women. The occurrence of Q wave in lead III was more frequent in pregnant women than non-pregnant women while only pregnant women showed Q wave in lead aVF.The occurrence of T wave abnormalities like flat T waves and inverted T waves in lead IIIwas more frequent in pregnant women than non-pregnant women.Also,there was statistically significant occurrence of inverted T wave in V2 in pregnant women.CONCLUSION-These physiological changes in the electrocardiogram of pregnant women must be taken into consideration while interpreting the ECGs for diagnosis of heart diseases in pregnancy.
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Antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of Ethanolic extract of Ophiorrhiza brunonis Rubiaceae
Copyright (c) 2017 Copyright (c)https://creativecommons.org/liceses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Urbanisation and Its Effects on Bird Migration Patterns
Urbanisation has emerged as a dominant global process reshaping natural ecosystems and influencing wildlife behavior, particularly avian migration. As cities expand through infrastructure development and population growth, they alter landscapes, climate, and ecological connectivity essential for migratory birds. This study explores the multifaceted effects of urbanisation on bird migration patterns, emphasizing habitat loss, artificial illumination, noise pollution, and temperature shifts. The rapid conversion of natural habitats into urban areas fragments traditional migratory routes and reduces the availability of critical stopover sites for rest and refueling. Artificial light at night (ALAN) and noise from traffic and industrial activities further disrupt orientation, communication, and physiological rhythms, leading to increased mortality and altered migration timing. Additionally, the urban heat island effect (UHI) accelerates local warming, advancing breeding and migration schedules, which can result in phenological mismatches with food availability. While some species display adaptive flexibility, many long-distance migrants are experiencing significant population declines due to combined anthropogenic pressures. The findings underscore the importance of integrating biodiversity-sensitive urban planning, establishing ecological corridors, and reducing light and noise pollution to sustain migratory bird populations. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for mitigating urban impacts and preserving the ecological balance that migratory birds maintain across interconnected ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal of Research in Medical and Basic Sciences (IJRMBS)
ETHNOBOTANICAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL STUDY OF SOME SELECTED MEDICINAL PLANTS IN HARYANA
India has a rich abundance of medicinal plants and is remarkable in that these plants are used by all sections of people either straightforwardly as society remedies or in various indigenous systems of medicine or in a roundabout way in the pharmaceutical preparations of current medicine. The knowledge of medicinal plants has been gathered in many centuries based on various Indian systems of medicine such as Ayurveda, Unani, and Siddha. WHO has listed more than 21000 plant species used far and wide for medicinal purposes? In India, about 2500 plant species are being used in indigenous systems of medicine. There are two types of sensitivity tests i.e., diffusion and dilution methods used to determine the antibacterial potential of the preparations of solvent extracts. Based on the diameter of the zone of diffusion (inhibition) method represents a qualitative test that designates the classification of bacterial species either sensitive or resistant on tested the sample of plant extract.
The Evolution of Language: A Neurobiological Perspective
Language is the unique power bestowed upon human being to represent and share unbounded thoughts. Its evolution is one of the most interesting and significant evolutionary events which has occurred in the last 5–10 million years, and indeed during the entire history of life on earth.Language has a long evolutionary history and is closely related to the brain, but what makes the human brain uniquely adapted to language is unclear. The regions of the brain that are involved in language in humans have similar analogues in apes and monkeys, and yet they do not use language.Given its central role in human behavior, and in human culture, it is unsurprising that the origin of language has been a topic of myth and speculation since before the beginning of history. It is assumed to be arising from three distinct but interacting adaptive systems: biological evolution, cultural transmission and individual learning.A biological understanding of language would surely entail a full understanding of how brains generate, represent and manipulate concepts and such a broad understanding of cognitive neuroscience remains a distant hope today to understand neurobiology of language & language development some pessimistically suggest it is forever beyond the reach of the human mind.
Occupational Stress Among Nurses in Private Hospitals: Patterns, Causes, and Consequences with Reference to Rajasthan
This review examines the patterns, determinants, and consequences of occupational stress among nurses in private hospital settings with specific reference to Rajasthan, India. Drawing on the Job Demand–Control and Effort–Reward Imbalance frameworks, it synthesizes evidence on key stressors, including workload, shift work, role conflict, organizational support deficits, and work–life imbalance. Documented outcomes span physiological, psychological, and behavioral domains, with implications for job satisfaction, turnover intentions, and quality of patient care. Sectoral and regional nuances pertinent to private hospitals in Rajasthan such as staffing models, institutional culture, and gendered role expectations are assessed alongside emerging Indian evidence indicating elevated stress and dissatisfaction among private-sector nurses in Western India. The review identifies gaps in region-specific and longitudinal evidence, limited gender-disaggregated analysis, and sparse evaluation of organizational interventions in Rajasthan’s private sector. It outlines an implementation agenda for evidence-based stress mitigation and proposes a research design tailored to Rajasthan to guide policy and hospital management reforms.
Candida Infections and Antifungal Activity of Natural Products on Its Virulence Factors: A Review
Candida infections, particularly candidemia, represent a significant and escalating global health challenge, marked by high incidence and mortality rates, especially among vulnerable populations. The clinical landscape is further complicated by a notable shift towards non-albicans Candida (NAC) species, many of which exhibit intrinsic or rapidly acquired resistance to conventional antifungal agents. These resistance mechanisms are diverse, ranging from efflux pump overexpression and target enzyme alterations to the formidable protective capabilities of biofilm formation. Concurrently, Candida species employ a sophisticated array of virulence factors, including morphological plasticity, adhesion, secreted hydrolytic enzymes, and intricate immune evasion strategies, all of which contribute to their pathogenicity and ability to persist in the host.
Neha Om Prakash Saini and Dr. Manish Sharma
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Research in Medical and Basic Sciences (IJRMBS)
Virulence Gene Profiles of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli: A Comparative Analysis of Pathotypes Isolated from Acute Diarrheal Patients
Diarrheal diseases continue to pose a significant global public health challenge, particularly affecting children under five years of age, and are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Escherichia coli is recognized as a primary etiological agent of diarrhea, with various pathogenic strains collectively known as diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC). This research aimed to identify and comparatively analyze the virulence gene profiles of different DEC pathotypes isolated from acute diarrheal patients, thereby enhancing the understanding of their epidemiology and clinical significance. Stool samples collected from acute diarrheal patients were subjected to comprehensive molecular characterization using a multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay. This assay specifically targeted key virulence genes associated with the major DEC pathotypes, including enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC/STEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), and diffusely adherent E. coli (DAEC).
Urbanisation and its effects on wildlife behaviour
Urbanisation is rapidly transforming natural landscapes into built environments, leading to profound consequences for wildlife behaviour and ecology. As cities expand, animals face habitat fragmentation, altered resource availability, and increased human interaction. This paper explores how urbanisation influences behavioural adaptations in wildlife, including changes in foraging strategies, activity patterns, social structures, and stress responses. While some species exhibit remarkable plasticity and thrive in urban settings, others struggle to cope, resulting in population declines or local extinctions. The study also highlights the emergence of novel behaviours, such as synanthropy and altered predator-prey dynamics, and discusses the ecological and evolutionary implications of these shifts. Understanding these behavioural changes is crucial for developing sustainable urban planning and conservation strategies that promote coexistence between humans and wildlife.
LEARNING STYLES AMONG NURSING STUDENTS IN SELECTED COLLEGE OF NURSING, BANGALORE.
The term “learning styles,” as used in the literature during the past 30 years or so, has labelled a very broad and relatively diffuse concept1. Educational researchers postulate that everyone has different learning styles3. Nursing students come from varied backgrounds and are expected to fit into a common style of learning. Nursing educators encounter a wide range of difficulties while teaching the students. A study was conducted to assess the learning styles among nursing students, by using VARK questionnaire. 269 students were recruited by using stratified random sampling. Results revealed that majority of the students prefer kinesthetic style of learning , with a mean of 7.673 and S.D 2.574, followed by aural learning preferred with mean of 6.643 and S.D 2.856. Among 269 students 240 students preferred single mode of learning style, 29 students preferred more than one learning styles
Mrs. N. Gayathiri1, Ms. Monica Rita Hendricks2, Mrs. Reena Menon3
NAPHAZOLINE NITRATE TREAT THE FREY EFFECT OF MICROWAVE AND OTHER SONIC WEAPON’S DAMAGES IN HUMAN’S INTERNAL, ENDOGENOUS ORGANS
State Department had evacuated a number of Americans from the U.S. consulate in Guangzhou, China after they experienced unexplained health issues. A group of U.S. diplomats stationed in China have been brought back to the states after being inflicted by a mystery illness that reportedly resembles the brain injuries previously suffered by staff in Cuba. At the end of the December 2018 we have found a medicine fully treating the damages caused the Frey Effect of Microvawe and other types of Sonic Weapons in Human’s internal, endogenous organs. I am proposing to use Naphasoline nitrate, (former) nasal decongestatnt, to treat Carcinogenesis of the Human’s internal, endogenous organs caused by Sonic Weapons through the release and cleaning of the Lymphatic ways in patients with colorectal, colon, pancreatic, breast, etc., cancer. I have proved this healing effect of the Naphazoline nitrate on Myself during treatment in last months of the year 2018.
EFFECTS OF THE PHYSIOLOGICAL STATUS AND SELENIUM AND VITAMIN E INJECTION DURING TRANSITION PERIOD ON SERUMPROTEINS PARAMETERSIN CAMELS (CAMELUS DROMEDARIUS) REARED UNDER SEMI- INTENSIVE SYSTEM
The objective of the study was to investigate the effect of the physiological status and selenium (Se) and vitamin E (Vit. E) injection during the transition period (late pregnancy, at parturition and postpartum) on serum proteins parameters (total proteins, albumin, globulins and A/G ratio) in camels (Camelusdromedarius) reared under semi-intensive system. Twenty clinically healthy time-mated pregnant females of three local breed: Arabi, Kenani and Deali (age 7-11year, number of parities: 2-3) were used. The animals were divided into 2 equal groups (10 each), as control and treated group. The treated group was injected intramuscularly with 10 ml of a combination of Se + Vit. E (0.6 mg/ml of sodium selenite and 80 mg/ml of vitamin E acetate, LABORATORIOS CALIER, Spain) three times: one month before parturition, at parturition and one month postpartum. Jugularvenousblood samples were collected at the same time of the injection for the determination of serum total proteins and albumin and for the calculation of serum globulins concentration. During late pregnancy, serum total proteins correlated positively (P<0.05) to serum globulins of the control group.At parturition, serum total proteins correlated positively (P≤0.05) to serum albumin and globulins of both control and injected groups and to serum globulins of injected group only during the postpartum period (P<0.01). Intramuscular injection of Se + Vit. E during the transition period caused a significant (P˂0.05) increase in serum total proteins, albumin, globulins and A/G ratio. It was concluded that serum proteins parameters were influenced by the transition period.Intramuscular injection of Se + Vit. E during the transition period enhanced the intracellular antioxidant status, which reflected positively on the metabolic activity of female camels. The data can be utilized to improve health and productivity of female camels during the critical transition period that associated with physiological oxidative stress.
INFLUENCE OF PERSONAL AND HEALTH-BASED FACTORS ON THE IMMUNIZATION UPTAKE OF CHILDREN UNDER FIVE BY MOTHERS IN KALAGALA SUB-COUNTY
The article aims to describe the influence of Personal and Health-Based Factors on the Immunization uptake of children under five. The article is informed from the study that was done on factors related to the immunization uptake of children under five in Kalagala Sub-County Luweero District. A correlational research design was used during the study. Structured questionnaire was administered to 317 mothers as a sample of the study. Therefore, the article sums up that marital status, perceived safety of vaccine and time taken for the mother to be attended to by the health worker at the facility were significant predictors for immunization uptake by mothers (p < 0.05). Therefore, it is clear that perceived safety of the vaccine by the mothers was among the main factors influencing uptake of the immunization.