Urbanisation and Its Effects on Bird Migration Patterns

Abstract

Urbanisation has emerged as a dominant global process reshaping natural ecosystems and influencing wildlife behavior, particularly avian migration. As cities expand through infrastructure development and population growth, they alter landscapes, climate, and ecological connectivity essential for migratory birds. This study explores the multifaceted effects of urbanisation on bird migration patterns, emphasizing habitat loss, artificial illumination, noise pollution, and temperature shifts. The rapid conversion of natural habitats into urban areas fragments traditional migratory routes and reduces the availability of critical stopover sites for rest and refueling. Artificial light at night (ALAN) and noise from traffic and industrial activities further disrupt orientation, communication, and physiological rhythms, leading to increased mortality and altered migration timing. Additionally, the urban heat island effect (UHI) accelerates local warming, advancing breeding and migration schedules, which can result in phenological mismatches with food availability. While some species display adaptive flexibility, many long-distance migrants are experiencing significant population declines due to combined anthropogenic pressures. The findings underscore the importance of integrating biodiversity-sensitive urban planning, establishing ecological corridors, and reducing light and noise pollution to sustain migratory bird populations. Understanding these dynamics is crucial for mitigating urban impacts and preserving the ecological balance that migratory birds maintain across interconnected ecosystems.