Study of the Land Surface Temperature (LST) of Patna District, Bihar (2001–2021)

Abstract

This study presents a comprehensive assessment of Land Surface Temperature (LST) dynamics in Patna district (Bihar, India) over the 21-year period 2001–2021 using satellite remote sensing. We outline a reproducible workflow for retrieving LST from Landsat thermal bands (Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM+, and Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS), performing spatio-temporal trend analysis, and relating LST changes to land cover dynamics and urban expansion. The manuscript details preprocessing steps, atmospheric correction, emissivity estimation from NDVI, and statistical trend detection (Mann–Kendall and Sen’s slope). Example tables and figure placeholders are provided so the paper can be completed with processed data and maps. The methods adhere to standards commonly used in remote sensing LST studies and are presented to allow reproducible submission-ready results once data processing is executed.